初中英语知识要点(7)-句子成分

初中英语知识要点(7)-句子成分,http://www.i3xuexi.com

句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组或句子（从句）。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句的五种基本句型。
一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds of simple sentences)
（一） 主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. 1）He is working. 2）He cooks.
（二） 主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. 1）We study English every day.
2）They are playing football
（三） 主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. 1）Trees turn green. 2）He is happy.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得）; turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得/摸起来）; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：
a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语；
b) be / become后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定式/动名词）做表语。
c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be + 形容词
eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)
2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语)
3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语)
4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy
（四） 主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
（五） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）
2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补）
3)The news makes me happy (同上)
4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)
5)I think it useful to learn English well (同上)
6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补）
7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾补）

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特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事